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Latest Science

Resistantstarch.com has collected a range of studies regarding the health benefits of resistant starch, which you can find below. The publications are categorized by Medical/Health Benefit Publications and Food Science/Application Publications.

Medical / Health Benefit Publications

Verbeke K, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Preston T, Small AC, Henckaerts L, Krempf M, Wang, H, Vonk RJ and Priebe MG. Influence of the type of indigestible carbohydrate on plasma and urine short-chain fatty acid profiles in healthy human volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Advance online publication 26 May 2010; doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.92.
Background/Objectives: Health effects of whole grain foods are becoming more evident. In this study, we analysed the short-chain fatty acid profiles in urine and serum derived from the colonic fermentation process of 13C-barley meals, prepared from barley grown under 13CO2 atmosphere.Conclusions: The difference in the profiles of 13C-acetate, 13C-propionate and 13C-butyrate indicates that non-starch polysaccharide combined with resistant starch results in an altered fermentation profile than dietary fibre alone.

Penn-Marshall M,Holtzman GI, Barbeau WE. African Americans may have to consume more than 12 grams a day of resistant starch to lower their risk for Type 2 diabetes. Journal of Medicinal Food (2010) 13(4):1-6. [Epub ahead of print May 18, 2010.]
Abstract: African Americans have a high prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Hi-maize 260 (National Starch and Chemical Co, Bridgewater, NJ) resistant starch (RS) is a promising food ingredient to reduce risk factors for type 2 DM. A 14-week, double-blind, crossover design study was conducted with African American male (n=8) and female (n=7) subjects at risk for type 2 DM. all subjects consumed bread containing 12 g of added RS or control bread (no added RS) for 6 weeks, separated by a 2-week washout period. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in insulin or C-reactive protein levels due to treatment, gender or sequence effects. Mean homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance decreased to normal values (>2.5) at the end of the 14-week study, although there were no significant treatment effects. The results of this study suggest that African Americans may need to consume more than 12 g/day of RS to lower their risk for type 2 DM. {NOTE from National Starch: subjects consumed 12 grams of Hi-maize 260/day, not 12 grams of RS.]

Mochizuki K, Sato Y, Takase S, Goda T. changes in mucosal alpha-glucosidase activities along the jejunal-ileal axis by an Hm-HACS diet intake are associated with decreased lipogenic enzyme activity in epididymal adipose tissue. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (2010) [Epub ahead of print May 18, 2010]. doi:10.1021/jf904259d.
Abstract: Heat-moisture (hm)-high-amylose corn starch (HACS), which includes a larger amount of resistant starch than HACS or regular cornstarch (CS), is more indigestible in the small intestine than HACS or CS. An hm-HACS diet was also shown to ameliorate glucose intolerance and lipid abnormalities. This study examined the effects of feeding rats an hm-HACS diet for 14 days on the activities of mucosal alpha-glucosidase along the jejunal-ileal axis and lipogenic enzymes in epididymal adipose tissue. Conclusion: These results suggest that feeding rats the hm-HACS diet reduced the activities of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue and alpha-glucosidase in the jejunal mucosa and indiced the activity of alpha-glucosidase in the ileal mucosa compared with the HACS diet.

Toden S, Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR, Topping DL, Conlon MA. Effects of dietary beef and chicken with and without high amylose maize starch on blood malondialdehyde, interleukins, IGF-1, insulin, leptin, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 concentrations in rats. Nutrition and Cancer 62(4):454-465.
Abstract: Dietary red and processed meats may increase risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas fiber may be protective. Recently, we demonstrated that dietary beef causes greater colonic DNA strand breakage than equivalent levels of chicken in rats and that resistant starch (RS) as 20% high amylose maize starch (HAMS) attenuated the damage. From that study, we now report measures of circulating factors that may influence CRC initiation or progression including malondialdehyde (MDA), leptin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of MMP-2 (TIMP-2), interleukins (IL), and short chain fatty acids. Summary: These results suggest diets high in meat or RS could influence cancer initiation or progression by changes in circulating levels of hormones and other factors.

Johnson KL, Thomas EL, Bell JD, Frost GS, Robertson MD. Resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome. Diabetic Medicine (2010):27(4):391-397. [Epub ahead of print April 7, 2010].
Abstract: Diets rich in non-viscous fibre are linked to a reduced risk of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanism of action remains unclear. This study was undertaken toa ssess whether chronic consumption of resistant starch in individuals with the metabolic syndrome would improve insulin sensitivity via changes in ectopic fat storage. Conclusion: Consumption of resistant starch improves insulin sensitivity in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Unlike in animal models, diabetes prevention does not appear to be directly related to changes in body adiposity, blood lipids or inflammatory markers. Further research to elucidate the mechanisms behind this change in insulin sensitivity in human subjects is required.

Zhou Z, Topping DL, Morell MK, Bird AR. Changes in starch physical characteristics following digestion of foods in the human small intestine. British Journal of Nutrition (2010) Page 1 of 9. Epub ahead of print April 23, 2010.
Abstract: Factors controlling the concentration of resistant starch (RS) in foods are of considerable interest on account of the potential for this type of fibre to deliver health benefits to consumers. The present study was aimed at establishing changes in starch granule morphology as a result of human small-intestinal digestion. Volunteers with ileostomy consumed six selected foods: breakfast cereal (muesli), white bread, oven-baked French fries, canned mixed beans and a custard containing either a low-amylose maize starch (LAMS) or a high-amylose maize starch (HAMS). Summary: It appears that high-MW amylose is preferentially digested and that MW, rather than amylose content alone, is associated with resistance of starch to digestion in the upper gut of humans.

Mohr P, Quinin S, Morell M, Topping D. Engagement with dietary fibre and receptiveness to resistant starch in Australia. Public Health Nutrition. 2010 Apr 21:1-8. [Epub ahead of print].
Objective: To investigate community engagement with the health benefits of dietary fibre (DF) and its potential as a frameework for the promotion of icnreased consumption of resistant starch (RS). Conclusions: Application of the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) to awareness of DF reveals a ready-made target group for health messages about RS and pockets of differential potential receptiveness. The findings support the promotion of RS as providing health benefits of DF with the added reduction of risk of serious disease, its delivery through healthy staples and the targeting of messages at both fibre-engaged individuals and women in general.

Zheng J, Enright F, Keenan M, Finley J, Zhou J, Ye J, Greenway F, Senevirathne RN, Gissendanner CR, Manaois R, Prudente A, King JM, Martin R.
Resistant starch, fermented resistant starch, and short-chain fatty acids reduce intestinal fat deposition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Epub ahead of print March 30, 2010. doi: 10.1021/jf904583b
Abstract: Obesity is a growing global public health dilemma. The objective of this project is to develop and validate a screening mechanism for bioactive compounds that may reduce body fat and promote health.Resistant starch (RS) reduces body fat in rodents. Amylose starch that has a high content of RS, endogenous compounds obtained from the ceca of amylose starch fed mice (fermented RS), and individual short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were tested. The Caenorhabditis elegans model and Nile red staining were selected to determine the intestinal fat deposition response to bioactive components. The fluorescence intensity of Nile red was reduced to 76.5% (amylose starch), 78.8% (fermented RS), 63.6% (butyrate), or 28-80% (SCFAs) of controls, respectively (P < 0.001). The reduced intestinal fat deposition suggests reduced food intake or increased energy expenditure. C. elegans is a practical animal model to screen for bioactive compounds that may prevent or treat obesity.

Shu X, Jia L, Ye H, Li C, Wu D. Slow digestion properties of rice different in resistant starch. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. August 26, 2009: 57(16):7552-9.
Abstract: the hydrolysis of starch is a key factor for controlling the glycemic index (GI). Slow digestion properties of starch lead to slower glucose release and lower glycemic response. Food with high resistant starch (RS) possesses great value for controlling the GI. To elucidate the factors that play a role in slow digestibility, seven rice mutants different in RS contents were selected for comparative studies. The degree of hydrolytsis showed highly significant correlation with RS, apparent amylose content, lipid content, and other starch physiochemical properties in all these materials with different RS contents. The rate of in vitro digestible starch correlated positively with RS, whereas digestibility was affected mostly by lipid content for those mutants with similar RS. Starch-lipid complexes and short-chain wit degrees of polymerization of 8-12 strongly influenced starch digestion. The integrity of aggregated starch and the number of round starch granules might influence the digestibility of starch directly.

Ryu JH, Lee BH, Seo DH, Baik MY, Park CS, Wang R, Yoo SH.
Production and characterization of digestion-resistant starch by the reaction of Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase. Starch 62(5):221-228. Epub ahead of print May 3, 2010.
Abstract: Recombinant amylosucrase (200 U/mL) from Neisseria polysaccharea was used to produce digestion-resistant starch (RS) using 1-3% (w/v) corn starches and 0.1-0.5 M sucrose incubated at 35°C for 24 h. Characterization of the obtained enzyme-modified starches was investigated. Results show that the yields of the enzyme-modified starches were inversely proportional to the original amylose contents of corn starches. After enzymatic reaction, insoluble RS contents increased by 22.3 and 20.7% from 6.9% of waxy and 7.7% of normal corn starches, respectively, using 3.0% starch as acceptor and 0.3 M sucrose as donor, while amylomaize VII showed the lowest increase (8.5%) in RS content.

Coate KC, Huggins KW. Consumption of a high glycemic index diet increases abdominal adiposity but does not influence adipose tissue pro-oxidant and antioxidant gene expression in C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition Research (Feb 2010)30(2): 141-150.
Abstract: The hypothesis of this study is that consumption of a high glycemic index (GI) starch will increase adiposity, increase express of the pro-oxidant enzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NADPH] oxidase), and decrease expression of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase [GPx], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in adipose tissue of mice. Conclusion: High GI diets increase adiposity under low fat conditions but do not influence pro-oxidant or antioxidant enzyme gene expression in adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice. Note - Hi-maize high amylose-resistant cornstarch composed of 60% amylose and 40% amylopectin as low GI starch, Amioca was used as the high GI control starch.

Binder HJ. Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea. Annual Rev Physiol. 2010 Mar 17; 72:297-313. Abstract: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the major anion in stool and are synthesized from nonabsorbed carboydrate by the colonic microbiota. Nonabsorbed carbohydrate are not absorbed in the colon and indice an osmotically mediated diarrhea; in contrast, SCFA are absorbed by colonic epithelial cells and stimulate NA-dependent fluid absorption via a cyclic AMP-independent process involving apical membrane Na-H, SCFA-HCO3, and Cl-SCFA exchanges. SCFA production represents an adaptive process to conserve calories, fluid and electrolytes.Inhibition of SCFAsynthesis by antibiotics and administration of PEG, a substance that is not metabolized by colonic microbiota, both result in diarrhea. In
contrast, increased production of SCFA as a result of providing starch that is relatively resistant to amylase digestion [so-called resistant starch (RS)] to oral rehydration solution (RS-ORS) improves the efficacy of ORSand represents an important approach to improve the effectiveness of ORS in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age.

Liu X, Ogawa H, Kishida T and Ebihara K. The effect of high-amylose cornstarch on lipid metabolism in OVX rats is affected by fructose feeding. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. February 2010. 21(2): 89-97.
Abstract: We examined whether the effects of high-amylose cornstarch (HACS) on lipid metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats were afrfected by high-fructose feeding. Sucroase (482 g/kg diet) was used as fructose source. OVX rats were fed one of the following four diets for 21 days: a sucrose-based or cornstarch-based cholesterol-free diet with or without HACS (150 g/kg diet). Body weight and food intake were increased by sucrose. Plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were increased by sucrose and decreased by HACS in cornstarch-fed rats, but not in sucrose-fed rats. Conclusion: These results show that the effect of HACS on hyperlipidemia induced by ovarian hormone deficiency would be affrected by the consumption of fructose-rich sweeteners such as sucrose and high-fructose syrup.

Yin F, Zhang Z, Huang J, Yin Y. Digestion rate of dietary starch affects systemic circulation of amino acids in weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 2010 Jan 27:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo digestibility of dietary starch and its digestive behaviour on the systemic circulating amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Eighteen weanling pigs surgically fitted with a catheter in the jugular vein were randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups. Sticky rice starch (SRS) was hydrolysed more quickly in vitro (P,0·05) than maize starch (MS) and resistant starch (RS), and was almost completely hydrolysed within 4 h. Conclusion: We conclude that dietary starches digested rapidly in vitro have higher digestibility in the anterior small intestine of pigs. Diets containing rapidly digestible starch ameliorate the digestive and absorptive function and regulate AA metabolism to beneficially increase the entry of dietary AA into the systemic circulation in pigs.

Djoulde RD, Oldewage-Theron W, Egal AA, Samuel F. Influence of room-temperature storage-reheating cycles on nutritional properties of maize meal porridge (PAP used in the Vaal region, South Africa. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 34 (2010): 181-191.
Abstract: South African maize meal porridge (pap) was analyzed for its nutritional properties after reheating by microwave following room-temperature storage for 12 and 24h. In compariosn with freshly prepared samples, reheated samples showed a higher resistant starch content with value of 44.2 +/- 8.1 g/100g and 39.8 +/- 9.4 g/100g when reheated after 12 and 24 h, respectively, compared with 31.4 +/- 7.9 g/100g for a fresh pap. Conclusion: These results, especially the improvement of resistant starch content and the IVPD during room storage-and-reheating cycle of South African maize meal porridge, may open new perspectives to maize consumers both from the socioeconomical and nutritional point of view.

Anderson GH, Cho CE, Akhavan T, Mollard RC, Lohovyy BL, Finocchiaro ET. Relation between estimates of cornstarch digestibility by the Englyst in vitro method and glycemic response, subjective appetite, and short-term food intake in young men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. (April ,2010)91(4):932-939. Epub ahead of print February 17, 2010.
The objective of this study was to describe relations between estimates of digestibility of starches by the in vitro Englyst method and their effect on blood glucose concentrations, subjective appetite, and food intake in young men. Conclusion: The in vitro estimates of starch digestibility by the Englyst method predicted the effects of starch composition on blood glucose concentrations and food intake in young men 30 and 120 minutes after consumption.

Soret R, Chevalier J, de Coppet P, Poupeau G, Derkinderen P, Segain JP, Neunlist M. Short-chain fatty acids regulate the enteric neurons and control gastrointestinal motility in rats. Gastroenterology ( May 2010) 138(5): 1772-1782.e4, May 2010.

Little is known about the environmental and nutritional regulation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which controls gastrointestinal motility. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyrate regulate colonic mucosa homeostasis and can modulate neuronal excitability. We investigated their effects on the ENS and colonic motility. The effects of butyrate on the ENS were studied in colons of rats given a resistant starch diet (RSD) or intracaecal perfusion of SCFAs. The effects of butyrate were also studied in primary cultures of ENS. Conclusion: Butyrate or HDAC inhibitors might be used, along with nutritional approaches, to treat various gastrointestinal motility disorders associated with inhibition of colonic transit.

Song Y, Bae C, Woo D, Kim Y, Park T, Immunomodulatory activity of type-4 resistant starch in the mesenteric lymph nodes of rats. Journal of Medicinal Food, February 2010, 13(1):205-210. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.1170.

We evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of type-4 resistant starch (RS) in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) using a rat model. Conclusion: These results indicate that type-4 RS might ameliorate allergic inflammation in the MLNs of rats through an increased CD4(+) T cell population and enhanced differentiation of MLN lymphocytes into type-2 T cells.

Siew-Wai L, Zi-Ni T, Karim AA, Hani NM, Rosma A. Fermentation of Metroxylon sagu Resistant starch type III by Lactobacillus sp. And Bifidobacterium bifidum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Epub ahead of print February 2, 2010.

The in vitro fermentability of sago (Metroxylon sagu) resistant starch type III (RS3) by selected probiotic bacteria was investigated. The results indicated that fermentation of sago RS3 significantly yielded the highest count of Lactobacillus sp. Accompanied by the largest reduction in pH of the medium. Sago RS3 was significantly the most consumed substrate compared to FOS and Hi-maizes.

Kendall CWC, Esfahani A, Sanders LM, Potter SM, Vidgen E. The effect of a pre-load meal containing resistant starch on spontaneous food intake and glucose and insulin responses. Journal of Food Technology 2010; 8(2):67-73.
The effects of resistant starch and dietary fiber on food intake, satiety and postprandial metabolic responses remain controversial. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a meal containing resistant starch on food intake, satiety, glucose and insulin responses. The present study indicates that a meal containing RS may decrease postprandial glucose and insulin responses and enhance subjective feelings of satiety.

Stewart Maria L, Nikhanj Soma D, Timm Derek A, Thomas William, Slavin Joanne L. Evaluation of the effect of four fibers on laxation, gastrointestinal tolerance and serum markers in healthy humans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2010;56:91-98. doi: 10.1159/000275962.

Average dietary fiber intake in the United States is roughly half of the recommended amount. As new dietary fiber products are introduced to increase fiber intake, it is critical to evaluate the physiological effects of such fibers. Aims: This study examined the effect of 4 fibers derived from maize or tapioca on fecal chemistry, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and serum markers of chronic disease. Conclusion: Increasing fiber intake by 12 g/day was well tolerated and may have a positive impact on colon health due to fermentation.

Haub MD, Hubach KL, Al-tamimi EK, Ornelas S, Seib PA. Different types of resistant starch elicit different glucose responses in humans. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Volume 2010, Article ID 230501, 4 pages. Doi: 10.1155/2010/230501.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether different types of resistant starch (RS) elicited different glycemic responses. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that different types of resistant starch elicit significantly different glycemic responses.

Shimotoyodome A, Suzuki J, Fukuoka D, Tokimitsu I, Hase T. RS4-Type Resistant Starch Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via Increased Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation and Decreased Postprandial GIP in C57BL/6J Mice. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metababolism (2010) 298:E652-E662. Epub ahead of print December 15,2009.

Chemically modified starches (CMS) are RS4-type resistant starch, which shows a reduced availability, as well as high amylose cornstarch (HACS, RS2-type), compared with the corresponding unmodified starch. Previous studies have shown that RS4 increases the fecal excretion of bile acids and reduces zinc and iron absorption in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary FS4 supplementation on the development of diet-induced obesity in mice. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with RS4-type resistant starch attenuates high-fat diet-induced obesity more effectively than RS2 in C57BL/6J mice, which may be attributable to lower postprandial GIP and increased fat catabolism in the liver.

2009

Isken F, Klaus S, Petzke KJ, Loddenkemper C, Pfeiffer AF, Weickert MO. Impairment of fat oxidation under high vs low glycemic index diet occurs prior to the development of an obese phenotype. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism (2010) 298:287-295. Epub ahead of print 2009 Nov 24, 2009.

Exposure to high vs. low glycemic index (GI) diets increases fat mass and insulin resistance in obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice. However, the longer-term effects and potentially involved mechanisms are largely unknown. We exposed four groups of male C57BL/6J mice to long-term (20 wk) or short-term (6 wek) isoenergetic and macronutrient matched diets only differing in starch type and as such GI. Body composition, liver fat, molecular factors of lipid metabolism, and markers of insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility were investigated in all four groups of mice. Conclusions: Long-term high-GI feeding resulted in an obese, insulin-resistant, and metabolically inflexible phenotype in obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice. Early onset and significantly impaired fatty acid oxidation preceded these changes, thereby indicating a potentially causal involvement.

Shimada M, Mochizuki K, Goda T. Dietary resistant starch reduces histone acetylation on the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide gene in the jejunum. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry (Dec 7,2009) 73(12): 27547. Epub 2009 Dec 7.

Thus long-term high-GI feeding resulted in an obese, insulin-resistant, and metabolically inflexible phenotype in obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice. Early onset and significantly impaired fatty acid oxidation preceded these changes, thereby indicating a potentially causal involvement.

Li M, Piao JH, Tian Y, Li WD, Li KJ, Yang XG Postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to GM-resistant starch-enriched rice and the production of fermentation-related H2 in healthy Chinese adults British Journal of Nutrrition (April 2010) 103(7):1029-34.Epub 2009 Nov 24.

Consumption of resistant starch (RS)-enriched foods is associated with decrease in the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses, accompanied by the production of fermentation-related gases in the large bowel. The present study aimed to determine the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to the GM RS-enriched rice and the fermentation-related production of H2 in young and healthy Chinese adults. Conclusion: Consumption of the GM RS-enriched rice meal decreased the postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses and promoted RS fermentation-related production of H2 in the large bowel of young and healthy Chinese adults.

Campos-Vega R, Reynoso-Camacho R, Pedraza-Aboytes G, Acosta-Gallegos JA, Guzman-Maldonado SH, Paredes-Lopez O, Oomah BD, Loarca-Pina G. Chemical composition and in vitro polysaccharide fermentation of different beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Journal of Food Science. Sept 2009, 74(7): T59-65.

The composition of bioactives including polysaccharide yield and resistant starch (RS) content of 4 raw and cooked bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was evaluated. Conclusion: The results suggest that the common bean is an excellent source of polysaccharides that can be fermented in the colon and produce SCFAs, compounds previously reported to exert health benefits.

Aguilera Y, Esteban RM, Benitez V, Molla E, Martin-Cabrejas MA. Starch, functional properties, and microstructural characteristics in chickpea and lentil as affected by thermal processing. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2009 Nov 25:57(22): 10682-10688.

Changes in starch, functional, and microstructural characteristics that occurred in chickpea and lentil under soaking, cooking, and industrial dehydration processing were evaluated. Available starch in raw legumes represented 57−64%, and resistant starch (RS) is a significant component. Conclusion: The microstructural observations were consistent with the chemical results. Thus, the obtained cooked and dehydrated legume flours could be considered as functional ingredients for food formulation.

Bodinham CL, Frost GS, Robertson MD. “Acute ingestion of resistant starch reduces food intake in healthy adults”, British Journal of Nutrition. (Mar 2010) 103(6):917-22.Epub 2009 Oct.

Resistant starch (RS), a non-viscous dietary fibre, may have postprandial effects on appetite regulation and metabolism, although the exact effects and mechanisms are unknown. An acute randomised, single-blind crossover study, aimed to determine the effects of consumption of 48 g RS on appetite compared to energy and available carbohydrate-matched placebo. Conclusions: These results suggest that consumption of 48 g RS, over a 24-h period, may be useful in the management of the metabolic syndrome and appetite. Further studies are required to determine the exact mechanisms.

Hirao A, Tahara Y, Kimura I, Shibata S, A balanced diet is necessary for proper entrainment signals of the mouse liver clock. PLoS One 2009; 4(9):e6909. Published September 7, 2009. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006909.

Isken F, Weickert MO, Tschop MH, Nogueiras R, Mohlig M, Abdelrahman A, Klais S, Thorens B, Pfeiffer AF. Metabolic effects of diets differing in glycemic index depend on age and endogenous glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide in mice. Diabetologia. (2009) 52: 2159-2168.

Hypothesis: High- vs low-glycaemic index (GI) diets unfavourably affect body fat mass and metabolic markers in rodents. Different effects of these diets could be age dependent, as well as mediated, in part, by carbohydrate induced stimulation of glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide (GIP) signalling. Conclusions/interpretation: The metabolic benefits of a low-GI diet appear to be more pronounced in younger animals, regardless of the Gipr genotype. Inactivation of GIP signalling in aged animals on a high-GI diet, however, could be beneficial.

Hasjim J, Jay-lin J. Production of resistant starch by extrusion cooking of acid-modified normal-maize starch. Journal of Food Science. September 2009, 74(7):C556-C562.

Basit AW, Short MD, McConnell EL. “Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: Robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man” Journal of Drug Targeting 17(1):January 2009, pages 64-71.

Zhou J, Martin RJ, Tulley RT, Raggio M, Shen L, Lissy E, McCutcheon K, Keenan MJ. Failure to ferment dietary resistant starch in specific mouse models of obesity results in no body fat loss. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, (2009):57(19),: 8844-8851. Epub ahead of print Sept 9, 2009. DOI: 10.1021/jf901548e.
Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber that decreases dietary energy density and results in fermentation in the lower gut. The current studies examined the effect of RS on body fat loss in mice. Conclusions: (1) decreased body fat by RS is not simply due to dietary energy dilution in C57BI/6J mice, and (2) along with their inability to ferment RS, RS fed obese mice did not lose body fat. thus, colonic fermentation of RS might play an important role in the effect of RS on fat loss.

Shimada M, Mochizuki K, Goda T. Feeding rats dietary starch shifts the peak of SGLT1 gene expression and histone H3 acetylation on the gene from the upper jejunum toward the ileum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2009 Sept 9; 57(17):8049-55
Sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) participates in the incorporation of glucose from the lumen to enterocytes in the small intestine. We examined whether dietary resistant starch (RS), an autoclaved high amylose starch that is digested more slowly than regular cornstarch in the small intestine, alters SGLT1 mRNA levels along the jejunum-ileum of rats...Our results suggest that a shift of the expressional peak of the SGLT1 gene from the upper jejunum toward the ileum by dietary RS is associated with a change of histone H3 acetylation rather than that of HNF-1 binding on the gene.

Aziz AA, Kenney LS, Goulet B, Abdel-Aal ES. Dietary starch type affects body weight and glycemic control in freely fed but not energy-restricted obese rats. The Journal of Nutrition (October 2009)139 (10): 1881-1889. (Epub ahead of print Aug 29 ). This study comprised 2 experimentat that tested the hypothesis that a high-amylose starch diet (AMO) would improve body weight and glycemic control relative to a high-amylopectin starch diet(AMN) in rats with diet-induced obesity...AMO led to lower total energy intake, weight gain, fat pad mass, and glycemic response but higher insulin sensitivity index than AMN, only when consumed ad libitum. AMO led to higher glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY response and mRNA levels, independent of feeding paradigm...We conclude that starches high in AMO can be effective in weight and glycemic control inobesity.

Tulley RT, Appel EJ, Enos TG, Hegsted M, McCutcheon KL, Zhou J, Raggio AM, Jeffcoat R, Birkett A, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. Comparative methodologies for measuring metabolizable energy of various types of resistant high amylose corn starch. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (2009) 57: 8774-8479.
Energy values of high amylose corn starches high in resistant starch (RS) were determined in vitro by two different methodologies...Thus, high amylose corn based RS ingredients and their amylase predigested equivalents have energy values approximately 65-78% and 47-62% of available starch (Atwater factor), respectively, according to the RS type.

Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Woodman RJ, Young GP. Synbiotic intervention of bifidobacterium lactis and resistant starch protects against colorectal cancer development in rats. Carcinogenesis 2009 Aug 20. This study evaluated the effect of a probiotic bacteria 'Bifidobacterium lactis', the carbohydrate 'resistant starch' (RS) and their combination (synbiotic), on their ability to protect against colorectal cancer..Fermentation events (SCFA, pH) were altered by the inclusion of RS into the diet while the inclusion of Bifidobacterium lactis into the diet had no significant effect on the fermentation parameters. The synbiotic combination of RS and Bifidobacterium lactis significantly protects against the development of colorectal cancer in the rat-azoxymethane model. Synbiotic combination of prebiotic and probiotic seems likely to be a superior preventive strategy to prebiotic alone.

Maki Kevin C, Sanders Lisa M, Reeves Matthes S, Kaden Valerie N, Rains Tia M, Yolanda Cartwright. Beneficial effects of resistant starch on laxation in healthy adults. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. (August 17, 2009) 60 (s4): 296-305.

This randomized, double-blind crossover trial evaluated the effects of a type 3 novel resistant starch (RS) versus wheat bran (WB) on faecal weight, frequency, and consistency in healthy adults...Dietary RS and WB increase faecal output in healthy adults.

Worthley DL, LeLeu RK, Whitehall VL, Conlon M, Christophersen,C, Belobrajdic D, Mallitt K-A, Hu Y, Irahara N, Ogino S, Leggett BA, Young GP. A human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of prebiotic, probiotic, and symbiotic supplementation: effects on luminal, inflammatory, epigenetic, and epithelial biomarkers of colorectal cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Sept 2009) 90:578-586.

Al-Tamimi EK, Seib PA, Snyder BS, Haub MD. Consumption of cross-linked resistant starch (RS4 XL) on glucose and insulin responses in humans.
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism Volume 2010, Article ID 651063, 6 pages. Accepted July 9, 2009. Doi:10.1155/2010/651063.

Robertson, MD, Wright JW, Batt J, Russell-Jones D, Umpleby AM. Dietary resistant starch is an insulin sensitizer A37(P37). Diabetic Medicine. March 2009;26(1)(Suppl. 1):14.

Rabbani GH, Ahmed S, Hossain I, Islam R, Marni F, Akhtar M, Majid N. Green banana reduces clinical severity of childhood shigellosis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled conical trial. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal May 2009; 28(5):420-5.

Alam NH, Islam S, Sattar S, Monira S, Desjeux JF. Safety of rapid intravenous rehydration and comparative efficacy of 3 oral rehydration solutions in the treatment of severely malnourished children with dehydrating cholera Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2009 Mar; 48(3):318-27.

Willis HJ, Eldridge AL, Beiseigel J, Thomas W, Slavin JL. Greater satiety response with resistant starch and corn bran in human subjects Nutrition Research. February 2009; 29(2):100-105.

Le Leu RK, Hu Y, Brown IL, Young GP. Effect of high amylose maize starches on colonic fermentation and apoptotic response to DNA-damage in the colon of rats Nutrition & Metabolism 2009; 6:11. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-11

Monira S, Alam NH, Suau A, Magne F, Nair GB, Karmakar PC, Rahman M, Pochart P, Desieux JF. Time course of bacterial diversity in stool samples of malnourished children with cholera receiving treatment J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr May, 2009; 48(5):571-8.

Grabitske HA, Slavin JL. Gastrointestinal effects of low-digestible carbohydrates Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2009;49:327-360.

Johnson IT. Impact of resistant starch on colonic crypt cytokinetics and cell cycle regulatory genes Gut 2009 Mar; 58(3):327-8. Comment on: Gut. 2009 Mar;58(3):413-20.

Deng J, Wu X, Bin S, Li TJ, Huang R, Liu Z, Liu Y, Ruan Z, Deng Z, Hou Y, Yin YL. Dietary amylose and amylopectin ratio and resistant starch content affects plasma glucose, lactic acid and hormone levels and protein synthesis in splanchnic tissues Journal of Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition (Berl).

Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Knudsen KEB. The thickness of the intestinal mucous layer in the colon of rats fed various sources of non-digestible carbohydrates is positively correlated with the pool of SCFA but negatively correlated with the proportion of butyric acid in digesta British Journal of Nutrition (2009), 102:117-125.

Liu X, Ogawa H, Kishida T, Ebihara K. The effect of high-amylose cornstarch on lipid metabolism in OVX rats is affected by fructose feeding Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry (February 2010 ) 21 (2): 89-97. Epub ahead of print Jan. 19, 2009.

Larkin TA, Astheimer LB, Price WE. Dietary combination of soy with a probiotic or prebiotic food significantly reduces total and LDL cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009; 63:238-245.

Burn J, Bishop T, Mecklin JP, Macrae F, Moslein G, Olschwang S, Bisgaard ML, Ramesar R, Eccles D, Maher ER, Bertario L, Jarvinen HJ, Lindblom A, Evans G, Lubinski J, Morrison P, Ho JWC, Vasen HFA, Side L, Thomas HJW, Scott RJ, Dunlop M, Barker G, Elliott F, Jas JR, Fodde R, Lynch HT, Mathers JC.
Effect of aspirin or resistant starch on colorectal neoplasia in the Lynch Syndrome New England Journal of Medicine, 2008;359;24:2567-78.
Correction Apr 2 2009;360(14):1470.

Liu X, Ogawa H, Kishida T, Ebihara K. Hypolipidaemic effect of maize starch with different amylose content in ovariectomized rats depends on intake amount of resistant starch British Journal of Nutrition Feb 2009; 101(3):328-39. Epub ahead of print Jun 23.

Food Science / Applications Publications

Zhu L-J, Shukri R, de Mesa-Stonestreet NJ, Alavi S, Dogan H, Shi Y-C. Mechanical and microstructural properties of soy protein–high amylose corn starch extrudates in relation to physicochemical changes of starch during extrusion. Journal of Food Engineering. 2010 (100(2):232-238.

Perera A, Meda V, Tyler RT. Resistant starch: A review of analytical protocols for determining resistant starch and of factors affecting the resistant starch content of foods. Food Research International. Epub ahead of print June 22, 2010.

Laguna L, Salvador A, Sanz T and Fiszman SM. Performance of a resistant starch rich ingredient in the baking and eating quality of short-dough biscuits LWT-Food Science and Technology. Epub ahead of print June 9, 2010.

Arimi JM, Duggan E, O’Sullivan M, Lyng JG, O’Riordan ED. Effect of moisture content and water mobility on microwave expansion of imitation cheese.
Food Chemistry (July 15,2010) 121 (2): 509-516

Htoon AK, Uthayakumaran S, Piyasiri U, Appelqvist IAM, Lopez-Rubio A, Gilbert EP, Mulder RJ. The effect of acid dextrinisation on enzyme-resistant starch content in extruded maize starch. Food Chemistry (2010) 120:140–149.

Nobakhti A. R. ; Ehsani M. R. ; Mousavi S. M. ; Mortazavian A. M. Influence of lactulose and Hi-maize addition on viability of probiotic microorganisms in freshly made synbiotic fermented milk drink. Milchwissenschaft (2009) 64(2):191-193.

Saifullah R, Abbas FMA, Yeoh S-H, Azhar ME. Utilization of green banana flour as a functional ingredient in yellow noodle. International Food Research Journal (2009) 16:373-379.

Pongjanta J, Utaipattanaceep A, Naivikul O and Piyachomkwan K. Effects of Preheated Treatments on Physicochemical Properties of Resistant Starch Type III from Pullulanase Hydrolysis of High Amylose Rice Starch. American Journal of Food Technology (2009) 4(2):79-89. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2009.79.89

Agama-Acevedo E, Islas-Hernandez JJ, Osorio-Díaz P, Rendón-Villalobos R, Utrilla-Coello RG, Angulo O, Bello-Pérez LA. Pasta with unripe banana flour: physical, texture and preference study. Journal of Food Science 2009 Aug;74(6):S263-7.

Ozturk S, Koksel H, Ng PKW. Farinograph properties and bread quality of flours supplemented with resistant starch International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition.(Septemper 2009) 60(6):449-457.

Ares G, Baixauli R, Sanz T, Varela P, Salvador A. New functional fibre in milk puddings: Effect on sensory properties and consumers’ acceptability LWT – Food Science and Technology. 2009;42(3):710-716.

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